B.pharmacy Syllabus for 2008 batch

1st & 2nd Semester1st yr
3rd Semester- 2nd yr

4th Semester- 2nd yr

5th Semester- 3rd yr

6th Semester- 3rd yr

7th Semester- 4th yr

8th Semester- 4th yr

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PHARMACEUTICAL ENGINEERING - II PRACTICAL

1. Determination of radiation constant of brass, iron, unpainted and painted glass(4 experiments).
2. Steam distillation - To calculate the efficiency of steam distillation.
3. To Determine the overall heat transfer coefficient.
4. Construction of drying curves (for calcium carbonate and starch).
5. Determination of moisture content and loss on drying.
6. Determination of humidity of air - i) From wet and dry bulb temperatures-use of humidity chart, II) Dew point method.
7. surface evaporation - To calculate the mass transfer coefficient from water to air.
8. Size analysis by sieving: To evaluate size distribution of tablet granulations - construction of various size frequency curves including arithematic and logarithmic probability plots.
9. Size reduction: To verify the laws of size reduction using ball mill.
10. Demonstration of colloid mill, fluidized bed dryer, freeze dryer and such other major experiments.

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PHARMACEUTICAL ENGINEERING - II

I. Drying: Introduction, classification of drying equipment-static bed, moving bed and fluidized bed systems-sprayer dryer, infrared drying, freeze drying, choice of dryers. Factors influencing the rate of drying, mechanism of drying with carrier gas, typical drying curve.

II. Crystallization: crystal forms and crystal habbit - supersaturation and formation of crystals and crystal growth, Miler's supersaturation theory of crystallization and its limitations, solubility curves.

III. Mixing: Solid-solid mixing, mechanism of mixing. Mixers: V-type, drum, paddle and rotocube mixers - selection of mixer, mixing of viscous masses: kneading machines and ointment mills. Liquid - liquid and gas - liquid mixing equipment. Impellers - their characteristics and field of operation.

IV. Size reduction: Classification of equipment - cutting roll, edge runner and end runner mills, disintegrators, hammer mills, ball and tube mills, colloid mills - impact mills, fluid energy mill, choice of size reduction machinery - theory of size reduction. Energy for size reduction.

V. Size seperation: Screens and screening equipment - air and hydraulic seperators, sedimentation, particle size distribution and its measurement - representation of data.

VI. Refrigeration: Principles ans equipment, choice of refrigerant, coefficient of performance. Humidity control: Definition, methods of monitoring and drying gases - air conditioning, cooling towers - wet and dry bulb hygrometry, study of air handling systems.

VII. Extraction: Principles of solid - liquid and liquid - liquid extraction, equipment, diffusion batteries - extraction of towers - Podbielnaik extraction.

Textbooks:
1. Introduction to chemical Engineering by Walter L.Badger and Julius T.Banchero.
2. Elementary Chemical Engineering by Max S. Peters.
3. The theory and practice of Industrial Pharmacy by Leon Lachman, H.A.Lieberman and Joseph L.Kanig.
4. Pharmaceutical engineering by K.Sambamurthy published by New age international (p) Ltd.

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PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-IV (MEDICINAL-I) PRACTICAL

1. Preparation of drugs including heterocyclic compounds involving two or more steps like: Benzimidazole, 3,4-dihydroxy-4-oxo-phthalazine, Benztriazole, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole, 6-methyl uracil, 7-hydroxy-4-methyl coumarin, 3-methyl-1-phenyl-5-ptrazolone, Benzoin, Diphenylhydantoin, chlorbutol.
2. Identification tests for selected drugs.
3. Analysis of formulations containing selected drugs like meprobamate, phenytoin, ibuprofen, chlorpromazine, lignocaine, oxyphenbutazone, diphenhydramine.

Text books:
1. Wilson and Gisvold, Textbbok of organic, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical chemistry.
2. Bentley and Driver's textbook of Pharmaceutical chemistry
3. Remington's practice of Pharmaceutical sciences.
4. Medical chemistry by Nadendla Rama Rao published by Pharma book syndicate

Reference Books:
1. Organic chemistry, Vol.I by I.L.Finar
2. Essentials of Medicinal Chemistry by Karlkovas
3. Medicinal Chemistry, Vol.I,II and III, By A.Burger
4. Indian Pharmacopoeia

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PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-IV (MEDICINAL-I) THEORY

1. History, introduction and development of medicinal chemistry, nomenclature of drugs.
2. Heterocyclic compounds: Nomenclature and numbering of heterocyclic systems, general methods of preperation and important reactions of five membered and six membered heterocyclic systems-pyrrole, furan, thiphene, pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline and indole.
3. Acquaintance with the following heterocyclic systems commonly encountered in therapeutic agents with suitable examples. Aziridine, thiadiazole, oxazole, isoxazole, thiazole, imidazole, pyrazole, pyridazine, pyrimidine, piperazine, piperidine, benzothiazole, purine, benzimidazole, indole, benzathiadiazine, pteridine, pthalazine, quinazoline, isoquinoline, benzopyran, benzodiazapine, acridine, thiaxanthene.

A study of the classification, mode of action , structural activity realtionship (whereever applicable) and synthesis of specified members of the following classes of drugs.

4. General anaesthetics: Halothane, thiopental sodium and diethyl ether.
5. Sedatives and hypotonics: Phenobarbital, buspirone, diazepam, alprazolam.
6. Anticonvulsants: phenytoin, valproic acid, etho suximide, carbamazepine.
7. Central voluntary muscle relaxants: mefenicin, methocarbamol
8. Analgesics: Narcotic analgesics-derivatives of morphin, morphinan, phenylpiperidine, benzazocine, diphenyl propylamine and isosters. Narcotic antagonists - morphine deerivatives, miscellaneous compounds, antitussives and expectorants. Synthesis of meperidine, methadone, pethidine and propoxiphen.
9. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory analgesics and antipyretics-paracetamol, aspirin, indomethacin, diclophenac sodium, ibuprofen and piroxicam.
10. Analeptics: Nikethamide, picrotoxin, pentelene tetrazole, ethamiban, doxapram
11. Antipsychotic agents: chloropromazine, promethazine, thiothexene and haloperidol.
12. Antidepressants: imipramine, desipramine, amitryptiline, isocarboxazide phenelzine.
13. Antithyroid drugs: hormones of the thyroid gland and antithyroid drugs.
14. Diagnostic agents: Radio-opaques, agents for kidney function and liver function tests, miscellaneous agents.
15. Local anaesthetics: Benzocaine, procaine, lignocaine and dibucaine.
16. Antihistaminic agents: diphenhydamine HCl, chloropheniramine, chlorcyclizine, cetrizine, meperamine, ranitidine and omeprazole.
17. Antidiabetic agents: Insulin and its preparation, tolbutamide and glibenclamide

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PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY PRACTICALS

List of experiments:

1. Sterilization by autoclaving and test for sterility
2. Sterilization by dry heat and test for sterility
3. Sterilization by heating with bactericide and test for sterility
4. Sterilization by gas and test for sterility
5. Test for sterility of commercial dextrose injection I.P.
6. Test for sterility of preparation containing sulphanilamide;
7. Preparation and standardization of a bacterial vaccine.
8. Fermentative production of Penicillin/Neomycin (Demonstration)
9. Fermentative production of glutamic acid (Demonstration);
10. Microbiological assay of penicillin including construction of standard curve;
11. Test for presence of fungi

in tap water;
12. Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration of Phenol;
13. Immobilization of microbial cells by entrapment in sodium alginate;
14. Isolation of DNA from bacteria (Demonstration).

Text Books and Reference Books:
1. Bentley's textbook of pharmaceutics by Herold Davis - 7th and latest edition
2. The microbiological assay of Vitamin B-complex and aminoacids by E.C.Barton - Wright, Sir Isaac Pitman and sons Ltd., London
3. Analytical microbiology by Kavanagh, Academic press.
4. Tutorial pharmacy by cooper and Gunn.
5. Indian Pharmacopoeia, Volume-II, 1996 Edition.
6. Remington's Pharmaceutical sciences.
7. Pharmaceutical biotechnology by Vyas and Dixit, BS Publications & distributors, New Delhi
8. Pharmaceutical biotechnology by K.Sambamurty & Asutoshkar, New age international publishers.
9. Industrial microbiology by L.E.Casida JR., New age international publishers.
10. Principles of gene manipulation by Primrose, Twyman, 6th edition, Blackwell.

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PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

Unit:-I: Biological Products
1. Animal Products:

• Insulin - Extraction, Purification and types of formulations
• Preparation and uses of pancreatin, pepsin, Heparin, Thyroid and Liver preparations as per I.P.

2. Blood products & Plasma substitutes: Preparation, uses and storage of the following; Whole human blood, Dried human plasma, human gamma globulins, clinical dextran and adsorbable haemostats.
3. Immunological products: Preparation & standardization of the following;

• Vaccines - BCG, DPT, Poliomyelitis and Typhus.
• Toxoids - Diptheria and Tetanus.
• Antitoxins - diptheria and Gas-gangrene

Unit-II: Fermentation Products
Introduction to fermentation, aerobic and anaerobic, surface, submerged and solid state state fermentation's and fermentation media. Design and operation of industrial fermenter. Fermentative production, recovery and uses of the following,

• Antibiotics - Penicillin and streptomycin
• Organic acids - Citric acid and Lactic acid
• Solvents - Alcohol
• Vitamins - Vitamin B12
• Miscellaneous - Lactobacillus spores

Unit-III: Testing methods
1. test for sterility: Strility testing media, sampling, neutralization of various antimicrobial substances in dosage froms, conducting the tests for injections, surgical sutures (Catgut), cotton, tubing's and bottles.
2. Principles of microbiological assay of amino acids, vitamins and antibiotics. Detailed assay of Lysine, vitamin B12 and penicillin.
3. radio-immuno assay (RIA): Principle and applications. Estimation of insulin in blood by RIA. ELISA: principle and applications

Unit-IV: Enzymes, Enzyme immobilization and microbial transformations
1. Enzymes: Sources and general methods of preparation. Preparation of Fungal diastate. Applications in pharmaceutical industry, therapeutics and clinical assays
2. Immobilization: Advantages and limitations, techniques of immobilization of enzymes and cells.
3. Microbial transformations: Advantages, different types of microbial and steroid conversions.

Unit-V: Recombinant DNA technology
1. Introduction to genetic engineering. Brief description of a) Restriction of DNA b) Ligation of DNA c) Introduction into host cells d) Recombinant selection e) Use of the plasmids and bacteriophages as cloning vehicles, artificial plasmid vectors, cosmids and phasmids f) Agarose gel electrophoresis, southern, northern and western blotting.
2. Applications of rDNA technology: Production of Human insulin and Hepatitis B vaccine. Hybridoma technology: Production of monoclonal antibodies and their applications.
3. Bioinformatics: Introduction, scope and applications 

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DRUG STORE AND INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT & MARKETING

1. Drug store management: Selection of site, space, layout and legal requirements. Storage of drugs of various schedules and maintenance of records as per requirements. Hospital supplies, requirements for dispensing extemporaneous preparations. Importance and objectives of purchasing, selection of suppliers, credit information, tenders, contract and price determination, removal of expired drugs. Patient counseling - maintenance of records.

2. Plant location and layout of an industry: Various factors affecting locational aspects, layout of building and equipment. Product layout versus process layout and compliance of pollution control measures.

3. Production, planning and control - scientific purchasing, quality control, problems of productivity, stores organization, location of stores, control of stores and stocks, stores accounting and records. Personnel management - selection, appointment, training, transfer, promotion, demotion, policies, remuneration, job evaluation, human relations.

4. Sales organization: Market, definition, different approaches to the study of marketing, institutional approach, market planning, product planning, method of marketing, wholesalers, retailers, functional approach, efficiency in marketing, commodity approach.
Distribution Policies: Selective and exclusive distribution, pricing and discount policies, credit policies, trade indication marks, patent policies. Sales promotion policies - detailing to physician, professional persons, sampling, window and interior display, product advertising, sales promotion publicity.

5. Budgets and budgetary controls: Elements of accounting, double entry book keeping, books of accounts, trial balance, final accounts of business and profit, profit and loss accounts, appropriation accounts, balance sheets.

Suggested books:
1. Remington's Pharmaceutical sciences.
2. Pharmaceutical marketing in India, concepts strategy cases by Subbaroa Chaganti published by pharma book syndicate.

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