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Showing posts with label 2-1 syllabus. Show all posts
Showing posts with label 2-1 syllabus. Show all posts
5/23/12
5/20/12
Gpat Test Series 2013
GPAT-2013 – Online Test Series Programme Run by Pharmacophore Solutions
According to Syllabus of GPAT13
Total 44 (22 –Minor, 5-Mini Major, 2-Semi Major & 4 -Subject wise Major Test, 11 – Grand Major)Test will be conducted till GPAT-2013
- NOTE:-YOU ARE FREE TO JOIN THE TEST SERIES TILL (Till April 2013 last week) GPAT-2013, ANY TIME WHEN YOU COME TO KNOW ABOUT IT, THROUGH ANY SOURCE.
- Time –For Each Minor Test – 90 min.(1.5 Hr)
- Time –For Each Semi Major -150 min (2.5 Hr)
- Time –For Each Semi Major -150 min (2.5 Hr)
- Time –For Each Major (subject wise) -150 min (2.5 Hr)
- Time –For Each Grand Major- 180 min (3 Hr)
- Total Question In Each Minor Test- 60
- Total Question In Each Mini Major Test-100
- Total Question In Each Semi Major Test-100
9/4/10
Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 5th edition
This book is a standard in the field of analytical chemistry, especially wet chemistry. It is not intended to be a textbook for a quant course, unlike Dan Harris's Quantitative Chemical Analysis or Doug Skoog's Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, which are both excellent college texts. However, it is an outstanding ready-reference for chemists and chemistry graduate students. It is the authority for all sorts of chemical analyses, and it gives concise, complete background along with exact procedures, including problems likely to be encountered, precautions to be taken, or deficiencies of the method. It is well-indexed and quite complete is breadth and scope.
8/3/10
PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS - I (PRACTICAL)
Acid-base titrations:
1. Standardization of HCl
2. Standardization of H2SO4
3. Standardization of NaOH
4. Assay of Boric acid
5. Assay of sodium bicarbonate
6. Assay of borax
7. Assay of calcium hydroxide
8. Assay of zinc oxide
9. Assay of calcium carbonate
10. Assay of acetyl salicylic acid
11. Assay of formaldehyde
12. Assay of NaOH in presence of sodium carbonate
Redox titrations:
13. Standardization of iodine
14. Standardization of KMnO4
15. Assay of ferrous sulphate
16. Assay of hydrogen peroxide
17. Assay of sodium nitrate
18. Estimation of ascorbic acid with 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol
19. Assay of mercuric chloride
20. Assay of sodium bisulphate
21. Assay of copper sulphate
Precipitation titrations:
22. Standardization of silver nitrate
23. Assay of potassium chloride
24. Assay of ammonium thiocyanate
25. Assay of mercuric oxide
Complexation titrations:
26. Standardization of EDTA
27. Assay of calcium gluconate injection/tablets
28. Assay of aluminium sulphate
Non-aqueous titrations:
29. Assay of thiamine hydrochloride.
Gravimetry:
30. Determination of sulphate as barium sulphate
31. Estimation of magnesium as magnesium pyrophosphate
32. Determination of thiamine as silico tungstate
Limit tests:
33. Limit test for chlorides
34. Limit test for sulphates
35. Limit test for iron
1. Standardization of HCl
2. Standardization of H2SO4
3. Standardization of NaOH
4. Assay of Boric acid
5. Assay of sodium bicarbonate
6. Assay of borax
7. Assay of calcium hydroxide
8. Assay of zinc oxide
9. Assay of calcium carbonate
10. Assay of acetyl salicylic acid
11. Assay of formaldehyde
12. Assay of NaOH in presence of sodium carbonate
Redox titrations:
13. Standardization of iodine
14. Standardization of KMnO4
15. Assay of ferrous sulphate
16. Assay of hydrogen peroxide
17. Assay of sodium nitrate
18. Estimation of ascorbic acid with 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol
19. Assay of mercuric chloride
20. Assay of sodium bisulphate
21. Assay of copper sulphate
Precipitation titrations:
22. Standardization of silver nitrate
23. Assay of potassium chloride
24. Assay of ammonium thiocyanate
25. Assay of mercuric oxide
Complexation titrations:
26. Standardization of EDTA
27. Assay of calcium gluconate injection/tablets
28. Assay of aluminium sulphate
Non-aqueous titrations:
29. Assay of thiamine hydrochloride.
Gravimetry:
30. Determination of sulphate as barium sulphate
31. Estimation of magnesium as magnesium pyrophosphate
32. Determination of thiamine as silico tungstate
Limit tests:
33. Limit test for chlorides
34. Limit test for sulphates
35. Limit test for iron
PHYSICAL PHARMACY - II PRACTICAL
1. Determination of solubility of drugs in single and mixed solvents;
2. construction of phase diagram for the system of methyl salicylate - isopropanol water;
3. Determination of partition coefficient of benzoic acid in peanut oil - water system;
4. Influence of additives (glycerol in aqueous phase) on the partition coefficient;
5. Study of complexation of copper and glycerine by pH titration method;
6. Determination of rate constant of a first order reaction;
7. Determination of rate constant of a second order reaction;
8. Determination of surface and interfacial tensions;
9. Determination of SMC of a surfactant by capillary rise principle;
10. Determination of HLB of a surfactant.
11. Determination of Cloud and kraft point;
12. Study of adsorption of oxalic acid on charcoal - construction of adsorption isotherms;
13. Influence of suspending agent on the sedimentation parameters in a suspension;
14. Determination of degree of floccculation in a suspension;
15. Determination of particle size by gravity sedimentation Andreason's Apparatus;
16. Determination of globule size and size distribution in an emulsion;
17. Study of physical stability of selected emulsions;
18. Preparation of colloids 9(lyophilic and lyophobic) and study of protective colloidal action;
19. Determination of bulk and true density (by liquid displacement method) of crystalline solids;
20. Micrometric studies on tablet granulations - determination of bulk and granule densities, angle of repose, compressibility index, influence of glidants on flow properties.
2. construction of phase diagram for the system of methyl salicylate - isopropanol water;
3. Determination of partition coefficient of benzoic acid in peanut oil - water system;
4. Influence of additives (glycerol in aqueous phase) on the partition coefficient;
5. Study of complexation of copper and glycerine by pH titration method;
6. Determination of rate constant of a first order reaction;
7. Determination of rate constant of a second order reaction;
8. Determination of surface and interfacial tensions;
9. Determination of SMC of a surfactant by capillary rise principle;
10. Determination of HLB of a surfactant.
11. Determination of Cloud and kraft point;
12. Study of adsorption of oxalic acid on charcoal - construction of adsorption isotherms;
13. Influence of suspending agent on the sedimentation parameters in a suspension;
14. Determination of degree of floccculation in a suspension;
15. Determination of particle size by gravity sedimentation Andreason's Apparatus;
16. Determination of globule size and size distribution in an emulsion;
17. Study of physical stability of selected emulsions;
18. Preparation of colloids 9(lyophilic and lyophobic) and study of protective colloidal action;
19. Determination of bulk and true density (by liquid displacement method) of crystalline solids;
20. Micrometric studies on tablet granulations - determination of bulk and granule densities, angle of repose, compressibility index, influence of glidants on flow properties.
8/2/10
PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-III (ORGANIC-II) THEORY
1. Benzene and aromaticity; Modern structure of benzene aromaticity. Huckels rule, nomenclature of benzene derivatives, Electrophilic substitution reactions - mechanisms of nitration, halogenation, sulphonation and Friedel-crafts alkylation, Theory of reactivity and orientation in mono substituted benzenes, preparation and uses of gammabenzene hexachloride, saccharide and chloramines-T.
2. Aldehydes and Ketones; Nomenclature, general methods of preparation, structure versus reactivity, nucleophilic addition reactions, acidity of alphahydrogens and carbanion addition reactions. Haloform reactions of methyl ketones. Preparation and uses of formaldehyde, paraformaldehyde, acetaldehyde, paraldehyde, acetone, chloral hydrate, benzaldehyde, cinnamaldehyde, vanillin.
3. Carboxylic acids: general methods of preparation, reactions, acidity preparation and properties of hydroxy acids. Preparation and uses of acetic acid, lactic acid, oelic acids, succinic acid and tartaric acid.
4. Sulphonic acid: Methods of preparation and uses of alkyl and aryl sulphonic acids-sodium lauryl sulphate.
5. Functional derivatives of carboxilic acids - Nucleophilic acyl substitution reactions; Preparation of acid chlorides, amides, anhydrates and ester form acids. Nucleophilic acyl substitution reactions - preparation and uses of ethyl acetate, diethyl phthalate, methyl salicylate, ethyl acetate and aspirin. Preparation and synthetic uses of malonic ester and aceto acetic ester.
6. Phenols: General methods of preparation, acidity, characteristic reactions. Preparation and uses of phenol, catechol, resorcinol, hydroquinone and pyrogallol.
7. Aryl-halides - Nucleophilic aromatic substitution. General methods of preparation, reactivity of aryl halides, nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions.
8. Amines: General methods of preparation, basicity of amines, characteristic reactions of amines, seperation of different classes of amines, Ring substitution in aromatic amines, quaternary ammonium compounds, preparation and uses of ethanolamine, aniline, acetanilide, urea and tetra butyl ammonium hydroxide, cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide.
9. Diazonium compounds: Preparation, reactions and uses.
10. Polynuclear aromatic compounds: structure and reactions of napthalene, anthracene and phenanthrene.
11. Name reactions: Mannich reaction. Michael addition, Beckmann rearrangement. Fries rearrangement, Bayer-villiger oxidation.
Text books:
1. Organic chemistry by Morrison and Boyd
2. Bently and Driver's Textbook of pharmaceutical chemistry.
3. Organic Chemistry, Vol. I, by I.L.Finar.
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY - II
Respiratory organs and their physiology. Mechanisms of respiration. Molecular aspects of cellular respiration. Transport of gases between lungs and tissues. Artificial respiration methods. Knowledge on asthma, bronchitis, pulmonary tuberculosis. Kidney structure of nephron, formation of urine, knowledge of micturition, crystalluria, function of rennin-angioistatin system, acid-base balance of body fluids. Nephritis, Kidney function in geriatrics. Excretory organs skin, sweat glands and their function.
Central nervous system (CNS): Membrane potentials, nerve excitation and conduction, neurons, neuronal transmission, receptors. Fundamentals of anatomy of brain and spinal cord. Reflex action and reflex arc. Functions of cerebrum, cerebellum, thalamus, hypothalamus, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata and cranial nerves. Spinal cord and spinal nerves. Reticular activating system, limbic system and their function, sleep, EEG, ventricles of the brain, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and its circulation, blood brain barrier, epilepsy, anxiety, schizophrenia, depression, sleep, insomnia, parkinsonism.
Autonomic nervous system (ANS) : Parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of ANS. Fundamentals of anatomy of ANS - Physiology of ANS. Neurotransmitters - Chemical transmission, cholinergic and adrenergic nerves. Organs of special senses - taste, smell, touch, hearing and vision. Glucoma, mydriasis, miosis, conjugativitis, deafness.
Metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, fats and minerals. Metabolic disorders - diabetes, thermoregulation - pyrexia, pain - inflammation - arthritis. Immune systems. Immunocompetent cells and their development - autoimmune disorders.
Suggested Books:
1. shambulngam - Essentials of Physiology
2. Ross & Wilson - Anatomy & Physiology in health and illness - Anne Waugh, Allison Grant.
3. First Aid to the injured - Published bySaint John Ambulance Association
4. A treatise on Hygeine and piblic health, B.N.Ghosh, Calcutta Scientific Publishing Company.
Reference Books:
1. Text Book of Medical Physiology -Arthur.C.Guton
2. Samson Wright's Applied Physiology
PHYSICAL PHARMACY - II
1. Solubility and distribution phenomena: Solvent - solute interactions, solubility of gases in liquids, liquids, solids - factors influencing solubility - methods of increasing solubility, distribution coefficient, significance of distribution coefficient.
2. Complexation: Types of complexes, methods of analysis, complexation and drug action.
3. Kinetics: Rates and orders of reactions, determinations of order of a reaction, influence of temperature and other factors on reaction. Decomposition of medical agents. Methods and principles of stabilization. Accelerated stability analysis - principles and methods. An introduction to ICH guidelines.
4. Interfacial Phenomena: Liquid interfaces, adsorption at liquid interfaces. Surface active agents classification, properties, applications HLB. Adsorption at solid interfaces. Electric properties at interfaces - Zeta potential and its importance.
5. Colloids: Types, methods of preparation, properties, protective colloid action, solubilization. Gels, structure, properties and applications.
6. Coarse dispersions: Emulsions, suspensions and semisolids. Suspensions - interfacial properties of suspended particles, setting in suspensions. Formulation and evaluation of flocculated and deflocculated suspensions. Emulsions: Theories of emulsification, Physical stability of emulsions, preservation of emulsions, rheological properties of emulsions, suspensions and semisolids.
7. Rheology: Newtonian systems. Thixotropy measurement and its applications in pharmacy. Determination of viscocity, viscometer.
8. Micromeritics: Particle size and size distribution, methods of determining particle size, particle shape, particle number, surface area - methods of determining surface area, derived properties of powders - their significance.
Text books:
1. Physical pharmacy by Alfred Martin;
2. Tutorial Pharmacy by Cooper and Gunn, edited by S.J.Carter;
3. Remington's Practice of Pharmaceutical Sciences.
PHARMACEUTICAL ENGINEERING - I
1. Fluid Flow: Definitions, material balance, energy balance, Bernouli's equation, stream line and turbulent flow, Reynolds number, roughness of pipe surfaces, energy loses in flowing fluids through pipes. Measurement of pressure and fluid flow. Different types of manometers, orifice meter, venture meter, pilot tube and Rotameter. Solutions to simpler numerical problems.
2. Transportation of fluids: Pipe fittings and valves. Pumping equipment, reciprocating pumps, diaphragm pumps, centrifugal pumps, rotary pumps and compressors. Use of compressed air, air lift pumps, screw pumps, monopump and peristaltic pump. water supply and maintenance of water at different temperatures.
3. Heat transfer: Introduction, conduction, Fourier's law, conduction through plain and cylindrical surfaces, compound resistances. Heat transfer from condensing vapours. Dropwise and film type condensation. Properties of steam, Heat exchangers. Parallel and counter current flow. Radiation, Stephan's and Kirchoff law, physical nature of surfaces. Heat conservation and insulation. Requirements of a good conductors.
4. Evaporation: General principles, methods of supply of heat, types of evaporators, jacketed evaporators, film evaporators, forced circulation evaporators, evaporator accessories, wet and dry condensors, vacuum pumps, gauzes, steam traps.
5. Distillation: Theory applied to binary mixtures, boiling point and equilibrium diagrams, constant boiling mixtures, equilibrium distillation, differential distillation, rectification, distillation stills, automatic water stills, molecular distillation and its application.
6. Filtration: Filtration media and filter aids, types of filters, filter presses, rotary continuous filter and Meta filters. Sterile filtration of liquids, air filters. Filter operation, effect of pressure and temperature on rate of filtration, compressibility of filter cake, elementary theory of filtration, solutions of simpler numerical problems. Centrifuges, theory and equipment and applications.
7. Materials of construction: Consideration of mechanical properties, corrosion and contamination. Consideration of ferrous metals and their alloys. Non - ferrous metals like copper, tin, lead, nickel, zinc, silver and platinum. Non-metallic materials like stone ware, wood, glass, rubber and plastics. Materials of Pharmaceutical packaging; Industrial hazards and safety precautions; Mechanical, chemical, electrical, fiber and dust hazards. Safety requirements, fire extinguishers, industrial dermites.
Text books:
1. Introduction to chemical engineering by Water L.Badger and Julius T.Bancher;
2. The Theory and practice of industrial Pharmacy by Leon Lachman, H.A Lieberman and Joseph L.Kanig;
3. Tutorial Pharmacy - Cooper and Gunn.
4. Pharmaceutics, The Science of Dosage Form Design, edited by Michael E.Aulton.
APPLIED STATISTICS
A study of the following with reference to pharmaceutical sciences.
Applications of statistics in pharmaceutical sciences.
Scales of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio)
Definitions, concept, Applications, merits and demerits of the mean, median, mode, standard deviation, relative standard deviation, variance, coefficient of variation, skewness, kurtosis.
Definition and concept of precision, accuracy, mean error, relative error, significant numbers.
Concept, applications, properties, calculations involved in correlation (Pearson's correlation coefficient, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient) and regression (linear regression, least square method).
Probability: Definitions (Random event, Elementary event, exhaustive event, mutually exclusive events, complementary events, independent events, classical and modern definitions of probability, random variables.)
Addition thoerem, Multiplication thoerem, Baye's thoerem
Probability distributions such as normal, binomial and poisson distributions, sampling distribution, standard error, confidence limits.
Elements of sampling theory: Definitions and concepts of population, sample, discrete variable, continuous variable, different sampling methods.
Testing of hypothesis: Definition and concept of null hypothesis, types of error, level of significance, criterion value, T-test, X2-test.
Text Books:
1. Comprehensive statistical methods, by P.N>Arora, Sumeet Arora, and S.Arora (S.Chand & company)
2. Miller & Freund's Probability and statistics for engineers by Richard A. Johnson, (pearson Education Publishers)
3. Statistics - Theory, methods and application by DC sancheit and VK Kapoor (Sultan chand & sons Publishers)
Reference Book:
1. Pharmaceutical statistics by S.Bolton 2. Biostatistics and computer applications by G.N.Rao and N.K.Tiwari published by Pharma book syndicate.
Applications of statistics in pharmaceutical sciences.
Scales of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio)
Definitions, concept, Applications, merits and demerits of the mean, median, mode, standard deviation, relative standard deviation, variance, coefficient of variation, skewness, kurtosis.
Definition and concept of precision, accuracy, mean error, relative error, significant numbers.
Concept, applications, properties, calculations involved in correlation (Pearson's correlation coefficient, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient) and regression (linear regression, least square method).
Probability: Definitions (Random event, Elementary event, exhaustive event, mutually exclusive events, complementary events, independent events, classical and modern definitions of probability, random variables.)
Addition thoerem, Multiplication thoerem, Baye's thoerem
Probability distributions such as normal, binomial and poisson distributions, sampling distribution, standard error, confidence limits.
Elements of sampling theory: Definitions and concepts of population, sample, discrete variable, continuous variable, different sampling methods.
Testing of hypothesis: Definition and concept of null hypothesis, types of error, level of significance, criterion value, T-test, X2-test.
Text Books:
1. Comprehensive statistical methods, by P.N>Arora, Sumeet Arora, and S.Arora (S.Chand & company)
2. Miller & Freund's Probability and statistics for engineers by Richard A. Johnson, (pearson Education Publishers)
3. Statistics - Theory, methods and application by DC sancheit and VK Kapoor (Sultan chand & sons Publishers)
Reference Book:
1. Pharmaceutical statistics by S.Bolton 2. Biostatistics and computer applications by G.N.Rao and N.K.Tiwari published by Pharma book syndicate.
PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS - I
1. A general introduction to pharmaceutical analysis and general aspects of standardization of pharmaceutical chemicals and formulated products mentioned in Indian pharmacopoeia. Importance of proper sampling and general books for pharmaceutical standards like pharmacopoeias, National formularies.
2. Computation of analytical results, significant numbers, rejection of doubtful values with reference to volumetric and gravimetric analysis, sources of errors and calibration of analytical equipment used in volumetric and gravimetric analysis.
3. Acid base titrations : Theoretical basis of neutralization reactions including electrolytic dissociation, application of law of mass action, relative strength of acids and bases, hydrolysis of salts and buffer solutions, theory of neutralization indicators and factors involved in the selection of indicators for different types of titrations using strong acid, week base, strong base, week base and back titration with blank determination.
4. Oxidation-reduction titrations: Theoretical considerations including standard potentials, calculation of redox potentials, redox indicators, principle and procedure involved in different types of redox titrations using potassium permanganate, iodine. Titrations of released iodine and back titration of excess iodine, potassium iodate, ammonium ceric sulphate and titanous chloride.
5. Precipitation titrations: Principles and procedures involved in argentimetry, use of silver nitrate and ammonium thiocyanate. Indicators used in precipitation titrations including adsorption indicators, Mohr's and Volhard's methods with examples.
6. Complexometric titrations: Basic principles of complexometric analysis including theories of complex ions, chelating ions, chelating agents, properties of metal complexes with particular reference to EDTA. Basic principles of Complexometric analysis including theories of complex formation. Werner's coordination number and structure of complex ions, chelating agents, properties of metal complexes with particular reference to EDTA, various examples of titrations of metal ions using disodium acetate, indicators and end point detection using indicators and by physical methods, masking and demasking agents, pharmaceutical applications of Complexometry with particular reference to I.P.
7. Non-aqueous titrations: principles, advantages and pharmaceutical application, solvents reagents and indicators usesd in non-aqueous titrimetry, other methods of detecting end points. Examples of titrations of alkali metal and alkaline earth metal salts of organic acids, primary, secondary and tertiary amines, halogen acid salts of bases, titration of acidic substances.
8. Principles and procedures involved and application of nitrate titrations, titrations using 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol. Aquametry including use of Karl-fisher reagent and moisture balances. Drying and distillation, oxygen flask combustion method of analysis.
9. A detailed study of gravimetric analysis including principles involved, critical factors and typical methods involving precipitation, coagulation, digestion, filtration and incineration procedues with suitable examples. Advantages and disadvantages, sources of errors and their elimination in gravimetric analysis.
10. Gas analysis: principles of gas analysis, use of hempel's gas burette and pipette, nitrometer, haldome's and orset's gas analysis apparatus and their operations. Examples of gas analytical methods of pharmaceutical significance.
Text books:
1. Indian Pharmacopoeia.
2. Practical pharmaceutical chemistry by A.H.Backet and stenlake.
